The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826
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Spanish America was engulfed for nearly two decades in revolutions for independence that were sudden, violent, and universal.John Lynch provides a brilliant survey of the men and the movements during these critical years. He views the revolutionary outbreak as the culmination of a long process of alienation from Spain during which Spanish Americans became aware of their own identity, conscious of their own culture, and jealous of their own resources. He traces the forces of independence as they gathered momentum and spread across the subcontinent in two great waves converging on Peru. He also explains why the heroic liberators, among them San Martin, Bolivar, and O'Higgins, were unable to prevent the revolutions from ultimately turning into counterrevolutions that frustrated their efforts to create new societies. In the second edition, Lynch adds a section on Central America and incorporates the latest work being done on the origins and aftermaths of these revolutions.
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Contents
1. The origins of Spanish American Nationality
The new imperialism
American responses
Incipient nationalism
2. Revolution in Rio de la Plata
Merchants and militia
The May revolution
Buenos Aires and the interior
Rivadavia and the new economy
Estancieros and the new society
3. Revolution against Rio de la Plata
Independence of Uruguay
Paraguay, the impenetrable dictatorship
The war of guerrillas in Upper Peru
4. Chile, Liberated and Liberator
The Patria Vieja
San Martin and the army of the Andes
From O'Higgins to Portales
The beneficiaries
5. Peru, the Ambiguous Revolution
Royalists and reformists
The rebellion of Pumacahua
San Martin and the liberating expedition
The protectorate
The Guayaquil interview
6. Venezuela, the Violent Revolution
From colony to republic
War to the death
The revolution lives
New masters, old structures
7. Liberation, a New Site in Colombia
The grievances of a colony
Liberation of New Granada, conquest of Quito
Colombia, one nation or three?
The liberal society
8. The Last Viceroy, the Last Victory
Peru, reluctant republic
Bolivia: independence in search of a nation
"America is ungovernable"
9. Mexico: The Consummation of American Independence
Silver and society
The insurgents
The conservative revolution
New mule, same rider
Central America: independence by default
10. The Reckoning
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